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Alphabet chart
Every Uyghur letter and its Latin value. Five letters are written as digraphs in ULY: ch, sh, zh, gh, ng.
The two rules that matter
ULY has no hamza
The Arabic script seats a syllable-initial vowel on the carrier ئ; Latin simply writes the vowel. ئۇيغۇرچە is uyghurche and ئىملا is imla. Converting back, the carrier is restored by rule: before a word-initial vowel, and before a vowel that follows another vowel.
The apostrophe does two jobs
ng is one letter (ڭ), so an actual ن followed by گ is written n'g. The same apostrophe marks a compound seam where the Arabic script writes a hamza after a consonant: خەلقئارا becomes xelq'ara. Because every digraph starts with a consonant and every seam is followed by a vowel, the two uses never collide.
Round-tripping Arabic → Latin → Arabic reproduces 440,916 of the 441,161 dictionary words exactly. The 245 exceptions all spell two adjacent vowels without a carrier, which the Latin form cannot represent.